Tracing a powerful GNSS interference source over Europe (arxiv.org)

292 points by mimorigasaka 9 hours ago

uijl 7 hours ago

Interesting to see that they are able to identify the specific satellite. I wonder if we can do something now that we know the source.

Working on construction projects on the Romanian coastline (just South of Ukraine) and on the Polish continental waters (just West of Kaliningrad) we experienced jamming on a daily basis.

Schlagbohrer 6 hours ago

That jamming near Kaliningrad must surely be impacting the Russian residents as well, right? Unless it is very carefully aimed which seems unlikely since it is also trying to cover a very large volume.

Havoc 5 hours ago

>must surely be impacting the Russian residents as well, right?

They don't give a fuck.

Was watching a youtube video by a russian the other day talking about war & sanction impact and things like ride sharing apps literally say on screen the location is going to be wrong and to select pickup spot manually. It's just assumed to be fucked as a given even at an app development level

N19PEDL2 4 hours ago

yehat 3 hours ago

codedokode 13 minutes ago

Russians got used that GPS in Moscow and St. Petersburg often shows wrong position (I did not observe it because I never enable GPS though). We also have mobile Internet shoutdowns which are more annoying than GPS spoofing.

sorenjan 5 hours ago

Yes, it's very wide spread and not carefully aimed at all. It's also not done by satellite but a ground based station.

https://gpsjam.org/

mapt 3 hours ago

stef25 3 hours ago

stogot 3 hours ago

ponector 4 hours ago

No one gives a fuck what russian residents are thinking about it. And if they start to talk about issues - police will quickly force everyone to shut up.

preisschild 4 hours ago

rcxdude 5 hours ago

Jamming in general will affect everything using those frequencies (and potentially more besides) in a given area, so if you're using it you're weighing up the effects it'll have on your stuff as well. (early in the current Ukrainian invasion, reportedly Russian electronic warfare units were screwing up their own side more than the Ukrainians)

q3k 5 hours ago

Kaliningrad is one big military base.

TFNA 5 hours ago

NoSalt 4 hours ago

Do you believe Putin cares who he inconveniences?

Scroll_Swe 4 hours ago

>That jamming near Kaliningrad must surely be impacting the Russian residents as well, right?

Russia does not care, nor does it care about its population.

Where are you from?

I ask because you have western privilege, like me, and assume our governments care about its people. Why I lucked out being born in Sweden, the more I learn about the world, the more I am convinced I lucked out ahahaha.

lazide 5 hours ago

1) with the exception of probably a few pensioners (who also depend on gov’t funding), everyone in the area is dependent on the military. It’s a giant military base in the middle of nowhere.

2) anyone not military (and hence in on it), is a pensioner or the like and won’t give a shit about GPS.

This is not a thriving urban metropolis or tourist location.

akho 5 hours ago

Thlom 5 hours ago

u8080 5 hours ago

Scroll_Swe 4 hours ago

Russia is constantly GPS jamming EU.

https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyx3ly54veo

So funny seeing non-EU people and/or people friendly to Russia comment (not you)

Carry on!

embedding-shape 4 hours ago

Yeah, same with traveling by boat in the Baltic Sea, been continuously GPS-jammed since 2022 or something annoying like that, basically the entire South East-coast of Sweden been unnavigatable with GPS since then.

colechristensen 7 hours ago

>I wonder if we can do something now that we know the source.

Russia signed the 1967 Outer Space Treaty (OST) in 1967, this may be a treaty violation of this or other treaties, something like that or retaliation regarding it may be possible.

You can hack the satellite, or use other electronic warfare options to jam or interfere with it's operations.

You can shoot it down with a missile.

The X-37B is in space right now and interfering with space assets is a pretty obvious possibility for why it exists at all, but it's secret so nobody says these things.

JoachimS 6 hours ago

So Russia may be in violation of a treaty, treaties. I'm shocked.

preisschild 4 hours ago

whizzter 7 hours ago

If you start shooting down stuff in orbit, it'll invite retaliation, but even without retaliation there's a huge risk of a Kessler syndrome (especially with all the stuff that SpaceX has put into orbit in recent years).

db48x 6 hours ago

LiamPowell 6 hours ago

Aerroon 6 hours ago

nutjob2 6 hours ago

> You can shoot it down with a missile.

Obviously a bad idea, but frying it with some sort of high powered electromagnetic pulse would seem the smartest option with plausible deniability.

I wonder if the US already has such weapons in orbit.

stef25 3 hours ago

M95D 3 hours ago

raverbashing 5 hours ago

yladiz 8 hours ago

sippeangelo 7 hours ago

The theory that they broadcast communication on a band near GPS in order to discourage jamming of their early warning system sounds likely. Flexing the ability to jam GPS is pointless, since it's obvious that any state actor who has military satellites in orbit has considered this option or have the capability already. Therefore, the disruptions must either be regular tests of the capability, or just actual communication. Right?

ordu 5 hours ago

> The theory that they broadcast communication on a band near GPS in order to discourage jamming of their early warning system sounds likely.

Is it? If it is an early warning system, could it be jammed briefly so it would fail to warn, couldn't it? It will be a global disruption of GPS, but a brief one and I'm sure people wouldn't be concerned of it due to other news.

> Flexing the ability to jam GPS is pointless

Do you believe that cutting sea cables is a sensible action? Or sending drones to neighbors? It is what they call "hybrid asymmetric warfare", I'm not sure how it is supposed to work, but presumably it may let them take over the world or something.

Probably they just strive to normalize deviations, to boil frog slowly. When people become used to some stupid actions they widen their repertoire, until everything short of tanks crossing the borders became just normal news noise nobody reads twice.

smilespray 3 hours ago

throw0101a 6 hours ago

> Flexing the ability to jam GPS is pointless, since it's obvious that any state actor who has military satellites in orbit has considered this option or have the capability already.

Forget "state actors", truck drivers have taken out entire airports with GPS jammers:

* https://www.cnet.com/culture/truck-driver-has-gps-jammer-acc...

People like the Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation have been trying for years to get some kind of GNSS backup accepted:

* https://rntfnd.org

China has certainly put their money into resiliency (both navigation and timing):

* https://www.gpsworld.com/china-completes-national-eloran-net...

* https://rntfnd.org//2026/03/19/china-has-built-a-triad-of-sa...

* https://rntfnd.org/2023/11/28/china-eloran-used-for-critical...

Some folks are certainly cluing in: South Korea has (e)Loran and the UK and France are joining up with them:

* https://rntfnd.org/2025/04/30/the-uks-system-of-systems-appr...

* https://rntfnd.org/2025/11/12/s-korea-leads-meeting-with-u-k...

brohee an hour ago

mrngld 5 hours ago

bananaowl 2 hours ago

rcxdude 5 hours ago

There is definitely value in having a demonstrated as opposed a simply supposed capability, though. And actions that are 'almost-certainly-but-not-completely-provably-us' is very much something Russia likes to do.

(One question I would have about the comms theory is whether the amount of power being used would be reasonable for that use-case. Jamming tends to be much higher power than just communicating, but also GNSS signals are very low bandwidth as comms channels go)

ralferoo 5 hours ago

Havoc 5 hours ago

Unless the actor happens to be a state that puts a great deal of emphasis on flexing & appearances regardless of how pointless it is

wcarss 6 hours ago

Or actual jamming mistargeted for some reason, or used because it was deemed necessary.

alex_duf 6 hours ago

Scroll_Swe 5 hours ago

>Flexing the ability to jam GPS is pointless

No, Russia does these "tests" all the time to see and gauge the reactions. Ex flying just a bit into EU airspace.

https://euromaidanpress.com/2026/06/05/nato-fighters-interce...

sschueller 3 hours ago

Why is the video out at the same time as this article?

Also the user posting this article on HN was only created 5 hours ago.

Is the US planning for war with Russia and are manufacturing consent again?

jaapz 3 hours ago

Because the video is based on the research done in this article, it even specifically calls out the article's authors in the description

nativeit 3 hours ago

TechSquidTV 3 hours ago

TiredOfLife 2 hours ago

Russia is currently waging a huge war with europe. While your country is helping them just like they helped nazis in ww2

sam_lowry_ 7 hours ago

The video did not settle on the jamming of von der Leyen plane on approach to Plovdiv, but AFAIR it was a (likely unintentional) lie.

Never acknowledged by von der Leyen nor by her press secretary because it exposed the lack of basic world knowledge around von der Leyen and her office.

sam_lowry_ 5 hours ago

Why downvotes?

Here's the press conference where it was announced: https://audiovisual.ec.europa.eu/en/media/video/I-276341

FlightRadar24 disproved the story shortly after: https://twitter.com/flightradar24/status/1962565122326700178

TLDR: Neither von den Leyen nor her office knew about ADB-S nor about the multiple services that collect ADB-S broadcasts and republish, and there was none around who could stop them from announcing an embarrassing lie.

embedding-shape 4 hours ago

spwa4 a minute ago

TLDR: Russia is jamming GPS and GNSS over Europe, purposefully, using a constellation of military satellites, part of the Russian nuclear program.

Theory is that Russia has been constantly practicing to totally disrupt GPS and GNSS (and the Chinese system) across all of Europe since 2014. Practicing to deploy electronic warfare not across a warzone or even a country but an entire continent.

DumpoLumbo 28 minutes ago

I wonder why they call this specific discovery “jamming”. What they found is a relatively rare burst transmissions over roughly 5MHz of spectrum of something looking like a 12ms cyclic prefix with spacing related to 150 seconds multiplies. I would suspect it is some sort of sync or data close to L1 GPS frequencies, that as a side effect causing lower CNR for the GPS receivers. Btw it is only 10dB, which also I can’t really call “jamming”.

Overall it seems to be an overfitting the observation to the wider intent of a malicious actor.

gnerd00 4 minutes ago

As an ordinary person reading all of this from far away, it seems that some Europeans are addicted to war. If there is not enough, new ones are started from all sides. There is no "good guys" in these comments.

from a cold-war diplomat interview "What I experienced in the decades of my service was that each side constantly assumed the worst of the other. In each situation, if anyone had doubts they would make stories about the intentions of the other. .. If somehow people could stop doing this, much suffering could be reduced".. something like that, IIR

NKosmatos 8 hours ago

TLDR (conclusion from the paper): "By a combination of these techniques the satellite Cosmos 2546 (NORAD ID 45608) was identified with high confidence as one source of the interference. Further analysis pointed to the Russian Edinaya Kosmicheskaya Sistema, an early warning constellation to which Cosmos 2546 belongs, as collectively responsible for the wide-area transient interference causing GNSS degradation across Europe since 2019."

jeroenhd 8 hours ago

Additionally:

> Note that Cosmos 2546 was launched in May 2020 and so cannot be responsible for the interference events that occurred in 2019. Moreover, Cosmos 2546 was not over Europe during some interference events after May 2020. But during all events on the 75 days shown in Table 1 there was at least one EKS satellite above a 35∘ elevation angle with respect to every reference station that observed the interference. Thus, it is highly probable that the EKS constellation is collectively responsible for the wide-area transient GNSS interference events noted since 2019.

f137 4 hours ago

I do not see any discussion of the power required for such wide-area jamming. Even as the useful GPS signal is quite weak at the ground level, this satellite would require power in kW range, right?

awestroke 3 hours ago

Satellites have multi kW solar panels

masklinn 2 hours ago

Being on a Molniya orbit probably also helps: the apogee is at nearly 40000km, but the perigee is on the order of 1600 (according to the EKS wiki page), so outside of their primary observation points of their orbit they are quite close to the earth and thus have a ton of blasting ability for satellites with geostationary comms capabilities.

dwa3592 5 hours ago

Hmm - the timing is uncanny that only 2 days ago I started building a dead reckoning system.

platybubsy an hour ago

GPS jamming has been happening for years and it's not like dead reckoning is an insane new concept

Joel_Mckay 5 hours ago

Your local cellphone towers already provide a more accurate position beacon signal for GPS modules in most parts of the world. Additional RF beam-forming in G5+ systems also make it impractical for lamers to jam long-distances due to limited coherent signal propagation.

Indeed, amateur Hams have caught Russian ships jamming/spoofing local port traffic several years before the various official overseas conflicts started. Not sure if it is government sponsored, or just various smuggling schemes like some ships spamming China harbors. =3

dwa3592 4 hours ago

Agreed about cellphone towers providing accurate position, but not with enough precision and highly dependent on the number of towers in the vicinity.

What i started building is for a highly unlikely scenario which is ; no internet + no GPS + no cell tower.

picofarad 3 hours ago

moffkalast 4 hours ago

There's a live map too: https://gpsjam.org

avazhi 2 hours ago

It's been known that Russia does GPS interference near their Western border and the Baltic down to Ukraine for several years now. It's something airline pilots prepare for now, and expect.

Not sure why this is being couched as novel or surprising.

dingaling 2 hours ago

The novel aspect is that it is being conducted by a satellite, rather than a ground station. Which is an escalation in sophistication which makes counter-jamming much more difficult and also gives global reach to the jammer.

numlock86 2 hours ago

You could actually try reading the paper first before posting comments like this.

avazhi an hour ago

Was responding to many of these comments, which read as if the commenters haven’t heard of this before.

The top comment in this thread is some dude asking if we can ‘do something now that we know the source’ lol.

We’ve known the source for 5 years. The fact this particular jamming originates from a Russian satellite and not Russian terrestrial-based equipment doesn’t change much. And while it’s unconvenient for planes and affects separation minima, planes have inertial systems and pilots deal with this easily. It happens in many places around the world, actually, although the Russians are definitely the worst offenders.

ThePowerOfFuet 32 minutes ago

Saved you a click:

>This paper analyzes and identifies a space-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interference source that has caused scores of powerful transient wide-area interference events over continental Europe, Greenland, and Canada since 2019. While terrestrial or near-terrestrial sources are primarily responsible for the recent uptick in GNSS interference worldwide, space-based interferers are of special concern given their potential for vast geographic reach and their portent of a qualitative escalation in GNSS interference. Based on data collected between 2019 and 2026 from a network of terrestrial GNSS reference stations, this paper (1) develops a received-power-based detection framework; (2) details the spatial, temporal, and spectral patterns of wide-area interference events caused by the source; (3) presents and analyzes identification techniques that blend received-power and time-difference-of-arrival measurements; and (4) applies these techniques to confidently identify the GNSS interference source as a constellation of Russian early warning satellites in Molniya ("lightning") orbits.

mattlondon 7 hours ago

tl;dr - it was Russian satellites

imp0cat 6 hours ago

How unsuprising.

Cthulhu_ 6 hours ago

This tl;dr is actually in the tl;dr on the linked page. We're doing tl;drs for tl;drs now?

red_admiral 34 minutes ago

Not a new concept. From Matt Might https://matt.might.net/articles/peer-fortress/

"The scout delivers a flawless summary of your abstract."

Schlagbohrer 6 hours ago

In the future abstracts will be called Tilldars and no one will remember it came originally from trying to pronounce "tldr"

muyuu 2 hours ago

it should be right in the title tbh, not after some 150 words of prose

Coala15 4 hours ago

Being engaged to warfare with Russia and being jammed in response. So weird.

general1465 3 hours ago

The GPS jamming has been measured since 2019.

awestroke 3 hours ago

Russia is the aggressor. What do you propose?

Npovview an hour ago

Playing Devil's advocate, given how much firepower Russia has, why is it so soft on Ukraine. I mean what is the endgoal for Russia here? Tire out the US/NATO Empire just as US did to Soviets in Afghanistan. I sometimes feel like all these events are orchestrated as Simon Dixon talks about them in his videos.

https://www.youtube.com/@SimonDixon21/videos

dieortin an hour ago

preisschild 4 hours ago

Russia attacked Europe, this is just another reminder that they are our enemies and we should be sabotaging their systems in turn.

Coala15 3 hours ago

Relax, Russia didn't attacked Europe yet (if you mean EU).

adrian_b 3 hours ago

NicuCalcea 2 hours ago

DivingForGold 5 hours ago

You can likely bet that Space X with their thousands of sats deployed in space already has among them a few hundred stealth US military sats strategically placed and ready for the command to deal with the few Russky sats causing these problems ... think our Space Force.

general1465 3 hours ago

Completely different orbits to make this possible

yehat 3 hours ago

This thread seems an intended call for all NAFO warriors to quickly gather with anti Russian speech. Fair enough, there's a war, GPS jamming is to be expected. Maybe annoying for some, but a need for others. Hope the war to not escalate further, it will be more than GPS inconvenience.

snowpid 3 hours ago

"aybe annoying for some, but a need for others."

Who needs it? Russia? I guess Russia does not need war but it started it anyway.