A Privacy Analysis of Web and Mobile Conversational AI Agents [pdf] (jorgegarciaherrero.com)

398 points by damaru2 13 hours ago

pbasista 10 hours ago

Tangential:

I have recently noticed that e.g. ChatGPT, when used from a web browser, periodically sends unfinished prompts to their servers, namely to the `conversation/prepare` endpoint, without waiting for the user to actually send it.

This partial prompt data might potentially be used to "pre-warm" some kind of cache.

But it may also be used to track the user's writing cadence, error correction style and evolution of their stub ideas as they are being formulated into a prompt. I would assume that such data could also be sold to the advertisers.

derefr an hour ago

> But it may also be used to track the user's writing cadence, error correction style

I'm pretty sure it is used for this; but rather than for anything nefarious, my guess is that this info is then fed to a classifier model to ensure that users of ChatGPT-the-service (as opposed to the OpenAI inference API) are actual humans, rather than agents trying to circumvent having to pay API pricing.

ShinyLeftPad 8 hours ago

I wouldn't be surprised if their privacy policy would say "what you send is private" and then it wouldn't apply to unfinished prompts on technicality

jwstillwater 5 hours ago

This is my concern as well- the same wiggle-room methodology that allowed a business to claim not to “sell or share” PII, because “user data collaboration” was not part of the legal definition prior to CCPA.

OpenAI’s statements in response to the Millenium Prize (and related) disputes I think are a pretty obvious example of this in practice. One man’s “user prompts” is not another’s “reasoning trace scratchpad”.

This comment by Falserum on the mathematics research post articulates it well:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=49649992

kridsdale1 6 hours ago

Enough Meta executives have been hired there. Expect the same behavior over time.

kdaniel_03 10 hours ago

It's the same lesson as the Navier-Stokes credit fight earlier this month. Buckmaster and Alpoge had their unpublished drafts in private Codex sessions and OpenAI says nobody saw them but admits de-identified product data may have improved its models. There it's training data, here it's ad trackers. Either way, prompts and results that should stay private don't. Thats why even though open models aren't perfect it has to win. You can skip the app and run the model yourself.

postalcoder 11 hours ago

My least favorite trend I’ve noticed with so many AI chat services is they seem to equate a UUID in the url with privacy.

Perplexity does this. Visiting a past perplexity search url exposes your full conversation.

albert_e 11 hours ago

Security by obscurity -- such an age old anti-pattern!

I believe many AI tools like Gemini generate publicly accessible URLs when we click "Share" on any chat conversation -- and expect users to then own the lifecycle of that link

Depending on how the link gets handled -- by the browser, device OS, any hooks/plugins/extensions, aggressive telemetry, social media url previews, preload/prefetch, wrapping and url shortening, etc as it reaches the intended user -- there are countless ways in which the URL can be indexed and scraped

There was a issue not long ago when Claude artifacts were indexed en-masse by Google and other search engines

This is shockingly lax approach to data security and privacy by design

kevindamm 10 hours ago

The same assumptions are true about giving any human that shareable link. They could pass it on to anyone, screenshot it, paste it into their own session. This has been true since before "share with link" permissions on Docs and elsewhere.

If you click "provide a shareable link" you should decide (and behave) as though that made it public.

I'm not saying it's good privacy posture on the side of the companies, but how else do you think that would work if there isn't any authentication step for the person viewing it? Even with authentication, "three may keep a secret, if two of them are dead."

postalcoder 11 hours ago

Chat UIs are a minefield of “if you accidentally click this your data will be shared or trained without you realizing it!”

msdz 11 hours ago

Genuinely asking: If you don’t share the UUID-based URL yourself, what makes it not privacy-friendly?

It’s not like someone’s gonna guess that URL… right?

postalcoder 11 hours ago

Yes, technically, guessing a url is impossible. But browser histories are stored in cleartext and trivially accessible to sketchy actors.

I also accidentally paste random stuff into input boxes all the time.

msdz 10 hours ago

someonebaggy 8 hours ago

Isn't that equivalent to a password? Knowing my password exposes my full data.

layerv-ai 5 hours ago

not as bad since the blast radius is only your chat vs. knowing your password exposes all your data.

however - agree that this is not great - espeically if chat TTL is long. someone who gets your URL can read everything you're asking (eg. by sniffing your network/accessing your browser history)

wtetzner 7 hours ago

You don't store your password in the URL.

someonebaggy 7 hours ago

delis-thumbs-7e 10 hours ago

In an old Simpsons episode Lisa gets to visit the Teachers room, where all the staff are making fun of the children. Groundskeeper Willie is pantomiming Milhouse “Oh I am Milhouse, I tell all my secrets to Willie since I have no friends!” and the teachers laugh. Later something embarrassing happens to Milhouse and he immediately runs away crying “I have to tell this to Willie!”.

We have all become Milhouse now.

Avicebron 10 hours ago

Inequality has eroded trust in society in ~50 years, a lot of the old models (heh) of how we see the world aren't relevant. It's hard to exist when everything around us is adversarial.

kevin_thibedeau 8 hours ago

Data brokers were around 50 years ago. They just had more limited sources to draw from.

buellerbueller 8 hours ago

gmd63 8 hours ago

It's not inequality. It's who we've chosen to reward. Adversarial people have eaten a lot of the world and that's because we let them.

People love inequality when it's a celebrity they adore living large. Someone who hasn't scammed them and has demonstrably improved their life and the lives of others in a tangible way. The deeper the con, like Trump and Elon, the more damage to trust.

keybored 8 hours ago

sssilver 6 hours ago

coliveira 8 hours ago

keybored 8 hours ago

It’s just inequality full stop. Trust is a word by wannabe-Bernays polsci people who would just so dearly want the proles to trust their betters, but for some dastardly material reasons they don’t.

flipping_beacon 10 hours ago

This can't be real I am go gonna ask Willie

davsti4 8 hours ago

But, Willie isn't real?

water-data-dude 8 hours ago

consensus1 6 hours ago

But we are not really like Milhouse. In reality the teachers didn't care about us enough to make fun of us in the teachers lounge. We were just that year's batch of work soon to be forgotten when they move on to the next. This is exactly the same as the advertising companies. You are just a member of the cohort of a particular target campaign. Nobody cares about you or even knows you are part of that target cohort.

Unless you become a target of the government. Then people a lot worse than any teacher you ever had will be looking through it, and they, unfortunately, do care.

j4k0bfr 11 hours ago

This is a bit surprising to me, considering how much AI companies love to hoard data. Especially since some of these ad companies are direct competitors!

My best guess is that these ad mechanisms are a bit rushed and/or that investor demands for profitability are fighting against company self-interest.

Edit: I guess some data will always need to be leaked for AI chat ads to be most effective. But I imagine AI companies would rather deliver the targeted ads themselves rather than letting competitors do it for them. It would be scary to see AI companies become ad companies too (instead of just hosting them).

amarcheschi 11 hours ago

I'm taking an onboarding process for an Ai company helping other (much) bigger Ai companies and the amount of vibecoded platforms and documentation is staggering. Like, training process so broken that the platform just doesn't load sometimes, things that have never even been tried are published and you have to use them and they suck so much because it is apparent that no human ever touched that and probably wouldn't want to

Forgeties79 10 hours ago

Doesn’t sound like your new company is going to be very helpful for other AI companies lol

amarcheschi 9 hours ago

alansaber 11 hours ago

AI companies rushing an implementation? Surely not :).

Forgeties79 10 hours ago

No no it’s hyperscaling

anotha_one 10 hours ago

internet_points 9 hours ago

mrweasel 11 hours ago

So I only read the abstract, but the question is if the data is leaked, by accident, or if it's deliberately provided. My guess is that we're talking about the first scenario, and that this is an accident.

If that's the case, then I'm not surprised at all. Actually I also wouldn't be surprised if they sold the data, but that's a different story. If we look at OpenAI for instance, they have on multiple occasion shown that they do not have the operational experience or resources to run their services in a safe and secure manor, nor do they frankly have an impressive up reliability (in terms of operational stability).

I'd support your guess that all of this is rushed in an attempt to push for profitabilitet/growth.

kjs3 9 hours ago

the question is if the data is leaked, by accident, or if it's deliberately provided. My guess is that we're talking about the first scenario, and that this is an accident.

Read the T&Cs. If there's even the tiniest bit of "we might provide your data to third parties for the purposes of...", it's not an accident. Virtually all the AI company T&Cs I've looked at had weasel words that open that door, because it's obvious to anyone paying attention that cramming ads into AI products is the next frontier in AI revenue streams.

duskdozer 10 hours ago

Well, some data is deliberately provided at least. It's not a situation of other apps managing to grab the data like the facebook-localhost exploit

>The most prevalent third-party services included in CSP headers belong to Google Tag Manager (googletagmanager.com), Google Analytics (google-analytics.com), and Google Ads (googleadservices.com and doubleclick.net). Yet, as Table 8 shows, CSP policies commonly include other prominent actors in the advertising industry, such as TikTok and Meta.

dgellow 8 hours ago

I don’t think it matters much if it is intentional or not, no? In both cases it’s a breach of privacy that should be punished. Though I myself do not believe they are selling, I don’t think they reached that level of sophistication yet, they seem to be way too hacky for that type of scheme. But that will for sure come later on

20k 10 hours ago

A lot of people seem to be very in denial about the fact that OpenAI and co do not give a crap about you. They don't care about the agreements you've signed. You're just a pile of cash to them

dspillett 8 hours ago

> You're just a pile of cash to them

You are currently a cost to them¹ - using your data as free training/refinement, and potentially selling², it is a way to offset that a little.

----

[1] https://isaiprofitable.com/ - some of the green bars are creeping up a bit, but not much unless you count the shovel sellers

[2] sorry, leaking³

[3] Though it could of course be incompetence rather than malice, a mistake they are not actually making anything out of, as per Grey's amendment⁴ to Hanlon's razor.

[4] Any sufficiently advanced incompetence is indistinguishable from malice.

anotha_one 10 hours ago

> You're just a pile of cash to them

I thought I was the lazy, irrational, inferior human filth whose job they were replacing.

sodapopcan 8 hours ago

You're both, which is why none of this makes sense and is yet somehow "inevitable."

int3trap 10 hours ago

> A lot of people seem to be very in denial about the fact that OpenAI and co do not give a crap about you

Who thinks OpenAI or any big company for that matter give a crap about them? This isn't a popular sentiment at all, it's just patently false.

oblio 10 hours ago

All those people with AI friends, boyfriends, girlfriends.

jerf 8 hours ago

Mistletoe 10 hours ago

That’s not fair, we are also more free training and refining of their models.

segmondy 9 hours ago

Prior to this new AI age, your data was calculated and what was inferred about you was "shallow", but as of today. The sort of profile and things that can be known about you is scary especially if you are constantly engaged with cloud AI. IMO, the number one risk of using cloud AI is loss of privacy and loss of freedom. With AI and capabilities, more controls can be placed on people and the more you put yourself out there, the more you are going to lose.

For example, we now have self driving cars, we have cameras everywhere. Based on your chat with a cloud AI, you can automatically trigger an automatic monitoring event that follows and tracks you in the real world with the fleet of cameras, cars, GPU, cell signal. Your tracking due to AI has moved into the real world and eventually, a self driving car will take you in to be "processed" against your will, not even for what you posted in a public forum, but for your private ribbing and chatting with some cloud AI.

So definitely put local AI into the mix and keep personal stuff and thoughts local only.

vivekpolavarapu 10 hours ago

Ad-tech spent 20 years trying to infer intent from clickstreams. Chat apps now hand over an AI-written one-line summary of intent, labeled and keyed to a cookie. Are we sure the ads business model in AI is about ads in the chat, and not the chat as the targeting signal?

troyvit 5 hours ago

This paper focuses on the use of the providers' web and phone tools, and the data sharing arrangements they built through ad networks and tracking services like Data Dog. It doesn't talk about how they handle data from API calls. For one thing that can be pretty opaque.

I have a friend/client who understandably doesn't trust the existing privacy policies of the major providers. They have the same problem many of us do: We want the most powerful models, we're willing to pay for them, but we see over and over how much of a frontier the frontier actually is. Frontiers are ugly if you don't have guns.

So for now maybe platform tools like Open WebUI and TypingMind are a good workaround since the big boys don't (apparently) train on API data (for now) or (probably) send that data to advertisers. It would be interesting to confirm that.

yoaviram 6 hours ago

Not surprising. When privacy is a selling point on the enterprise plan regular users, even paying ones, are the product. OpenAI had this from day one, the writing was on the wall. We all knew it so let's not act surprised now.

[1](https://chatgpt.com/pricing/?type=team)

autoexec 5 hours ago

> When privacy is a selling point on the enterprise plan regular users, even paying ones, are the product.

There's really no reason to think that enterprise plans are immune. While this analysis didn't test enterprise plans, and only focused on third party tracking, the people behind these companies have already demonstrated that they are willing to break the law to get what they want, are willing to lie to their users, willing to lie to the public, and even willing to lie to congress. Yet somehow people seem convinced that they'd never dare to lie to Random Corp LLC

zug_zug 8 hours ago

time for somebody to make a quick script to poison your chat history by starting 1000 fake conversations with contradictory identifying details "I worry as a lesbian woman, my tween daughter doesn't blah blah Shabbat blah blah move home to Australia"

Madmallard 6 hours ago

probably will lead to account punishments at some point

nick486 8 hours ago

ask another llm to generate those prompts for you

dhanushnehru 9 hours ago

It’s not a leak if it’s the business model.

skybrian 7 hours ago

In case anyone finds it helpful, I asked ChatGPT to break down what they found by app:

https://chatgpt.com/s/t_6abbbee386bc8191a26717b4f1442657

Traster 11 hours ago

I'd be kind of surprised if OpenAI were really doing this deliberately because a whole bunch of their execs come from Meta, and all those guys learned the hard way.

First: You don't want to leak information about your users to advertising networks because it's going to leak, get back to your customers, they're going to figure out you're doing it and get really angry.

But second and more importantly - it's a much better business model to collect that data for yourself, keep it in house and then you control how you use that data to target ads which gives you a massive competitive advantage in selling ads because you have unique targeting data.

The way meta does this now is the model, they don't give the advertiser a list of the people you're going to show the advert to, the advertiser gives you a list of characteristics they want to hit and meta decides who those people are.

delis-thumbs-7e 10 hours ago

> First: You don't want to leak information about your users to advertising networks because it's going to leak, get back to your customers, they're going to figure out you're doing it and get really angry.

And then they will keep using your digital drugs like nothing happened and forget about the whole thing. So watch out, executive!

> But second and more importantly - it's a much better business model to collect that data for yourself, keep it in house and then you control how you use that data to target ads which gives you a massive competitive advantage in selling ads because you have unique targeting data.

Perhaps, but getting to the saturated market on this might be something LLM labs simply don’t have time for. They are haemorrhaging money, no path to profitability and OpenAI especially has made ridiculous promises on data centre -spending for the coming year. They need money now.

sodapopcan 8 hours ago

> And then they will keep using your digital drugs like nothing happened and forget about the whole thing. So watch out, executive!

Not only this, many will continue to help the company by bullying anyone who decides to stop using the drugs.

jeltz 11 hours ago

> a whole bunch of their execs come from Meta, and all those guys learned the hard way.

Apparently they have not learned, or they learned the wrong lesson. I do not think they leak it intentionally as hoarding is typically more profitable than selling but anyone who has been in the industry for some time knows that the move fast and break things attitude has caused enormous amounts of data leaks.

gorbachev 8 hours ago

> I'd be kind of surprised if OpenAI were really doing this deliberately because a whole bunch of their execs come from Meta, and all those guys learned the hard way.

The lesson they've learned is that if the profit from an activity is X, and the sanctions/reputational hit costs less than X, it's full steam forward.

coliveira 7 hours ago

The only thing they learned from Meta is that this does work!

lukehandcool 8 hours ago

You should really assume that any information you give to a private model is going directly into a database. These companies don't care about your privacy. Local, open weight models are the only way to truly protect your data.

oreally 6 hours ago

you got any recommendations for local models setups? lightweight enough for a 5060 if possible

lukehandcool 3 hours ago

Yes I do! 5060 is tough because you have 8GB of VRAM. That means any model you load onto it will have to be smaller than that (a model that is 6GB on hugging face will take up 6 GB of VRAM just loaded onto your GPU, then need some more headroom for the actual inference).

So, you could get away with Qwen3.8 quantized to 1 bit which is available here: https://huggingface.co/unsloth/Qwen3.8-27B-GGUF.

Now, depending on how much RAM you have, you can offload some of the inference to the RAM, but this is a performance bottle neck (less tokens per second)

I haven't tried the 1 bit quantization yet, but I often run the Q4 quantization on a 3090 machine I have Qwen3.8-27B-UD-Q4_K_XL.gguf which is 17.6GB and fits nicely on a 3090 with 24GB of VRAM.

To run these models you need to download them (usually from hugging face) and run them with something like llama.cpp (I personally recommend this over ollama). If you are doing that you need a GGUF file which is available from many people on hugging face, most famously the account named "unsloth" which takes the Safetensors weights that a company publishes and turns it into these GGUF files which can be run on a desktop with llama.cpp.

With the 5060 you are limited. If you can get a 3090 you can do really great local work with Q4 Qwen3.8-27B

In my personal set up (which I will release fully open source soon), my qwen model can actually browse the internet as if it was me (you can actually watch it view pages, its pretty cool), which means your little local model can scrape up to date info off the internet.

Hopefully that was helpful. Open source is the future!

Coeur 12 hours ago

"multiple providers disclose sensitive conversation-derived artifacts — including titles, prompts, and screenshots — to third parties, often alongside persistent user identifiers that enable user attribution. We also find that some providers publicly expose conversation permalinks without access controls, allowing trackers to read the entire conversation."

Not good at all.

Aboutplants 10 hours ago

“Screenshots”

The amount of sensitive information that accidentally gets left on screenshots is pretty large. This is a pretty massive security issue

baggachipz 9 hours ago

I'm shocked... SHOCKED! that these companies would sell this data to advertisers and violate the privacy of their users. Who could have seen this coming??

davsti4 8 hours ago

No way will your future spouse be an AI entomed robot, with a percentage of your salary endowed to the corporate owner of the hardware.

DrMandalay 11 hours ago

The word is "sell" not "leak". This title takes away all agency from the thieves selling private data to advertisers.

otabdeveloper4 10 hours ago

The personal data fell off the back of a truck, man.

0xcrypto 10 hours ago

This is why I built my own chat interface. https://ai.ivx.run/

Access through: https://ai.ivx.run/chat/

pluc 11 hours ago

You thought... they didn't?

gagan2020 11 hours ago

All sells but I saw Chinese models are upfront about that most of the time.

classified 12 hours ago

Is it still called a leak if it was the whole point and purpose of the deal?

Someone should have to investigate, but I suppose it's all "legal"?

lava_pidgeon 11 hours ago

In the US.

In EU law it is very likely against GDPR.

r0b05 8 hours ago

Why do you think they are fighting so hard to dethrone Google?

Google is an ad company.

ChrisArchitect 6 hours ago

Title is: Prompt like a Butterfly, sting like a tracker

or A Privacy Analysis of Web and Mobile Conversational AI Agents

Site link with context: https://jorgegarciaherrero.com/en/prompt-like-a-butterfly-st...

maybewhenthesun 8 hours ago

Yea no shit sherlock!

My stance used to be that the invention of the filter bubble combined with targeted advertising is the most dangerous invention for human society of the last 100 years.

AI turns that up to 11

okokwhatever 9 hours ago

I never thought this could happen (XD)

reedf1 11 hours ago

my first guess is always Gboard.

nwhnwh 10 hours ago

I am very surprised.

titzer 7 hours ago

Not surprised. Just wait until they bake the goddamn advertising right into the model.

charcircuit 11 hours ago

The paper doesn't say when the app sends the conversion artifact.

bix6 9 hours ago

Hard to read on mobile. Is there a tldr of how bad each provider is?

robertclaus 11 hours ago

Hanlon's Razor given that these tools are almost certainly vibe coded at this point?

jeltz 11 hours ago

Incompetence and carelessness is rampant in our industry abd with vibe coding it has only gotten worse.

Grimeton 10 hours ago

Oh no, what, what happened?

What happened? Oh no!

How terrible! That’s just, that’s just awful!

How terrible! Oh no!

999ziyadej 11 hours ago

data is sold i think

folkrav 12 hours ago

Insert surprised pikachu meme

Razengan 8 hours ago

The ads ~~industry~~ racket is a cancer upon civilization.

This shit needs to be stamped down by law.

People take up pitchforks and torches against AI data centers,

well how much time, money, and resources have been wasted on advertisements over the centuries?

How many people, including children, have been deceived by ads?

How much privacy has been violated in the name of "sErViNg YoU rElEvAnT aDs"?

Have you ever tried browsing YouTube from a poor connection, and noticed how long it takes to serve ads? How much bandwidth has been wasted on ads so far?

Who[m] does it all benefit?

micromacrofoot 8 hours ago

these companies are complete dumpster fires and we just keep giving them more to burn

damaru2 13 hours ago

Entire conversations via exposed permalinks. For Grok: trackers receiving the conversation URL could access the full chat because the link lacked access controls.

Screenshots of conversations. TikTok received screenshots of Grok chats during sharing, exposing the actual visible conversation content.

Conversation-derived content tied to persistent identifiers, including prompts and automatically generated chat titles revealing sensitive facts. "Salary 85k NYC: mortgage 280–350k".

Traster 11 hours ago

That is a staggering level of incompetence.

ex1fm3ta 9 hours ago

what do you want it's the era of vibecoding.

sick_of_slop 10 hours ago

Of course they do. As soon as ads entered the equation this was always going to happen. Nobody should be suprised.

drywater2 11 hours ago

No, they don't "leak data", data is sold. Leaking data requires a mistake. This is intentional.

kjs3 9 hours ago

Thank you. I keep saying this and the spin doctors keep using words that imply "oh, my...I am so sorry we had that tiny little privacy issue...we'll get right on that in the next sprint...". And winning the message war.

It's not a 'leak'. It's in the T&Cs you agreed to. This is the business plan.

dgellow 8 hours ago

I’m not sure. It could definitely be incompetence. We are talking about an industry rushing as fast as possible in every directions, their systems are very likely a complete mess. I really wouldn’t be surprised if advertisers are getting that data for free just because the AI labs didn’t bother

coliveira 8 hours ago

It's because of people like you that these companies have a free ride. When we're talking about billion dollar companies there's no such thing as a "mistake", because they need to be held accountable for everything that they do. Thinking otherwise let them keep the rewards while getting away with anything wrong they cause to society.

wtetzner 7 hours ago